Sodium thioglycolate (CAS 367-51-1), also known as sodium mercaptoacetate or thioglycolic acid sodium salt, is a white crystalline powder used in depilatory cosmetics, perm solutions, rubber processing, and as the STG flotation depressant for copper-molybdenum separation.

Potassium hydroxide (chemical formula KOH), commonly called caustic potash or potash lye, is an inorganic alkali metal hydroxide and one of the strongest bases used in industry. It appears as a white, odorless solid — typically in pellet, flake, or powder form — and dissolves readily in water with a strong exothermic (heat-releasing) reaction.

Calcium hydroxide — chemical formula Ca(OH)₂ — is an inorganic compound produced by reacting calcium oxide (quicklime) with water in a controlled exothermic process known as slaking.

Fumed silica (also called pyrogenic silica, CAS 112945-52-5) is a synthetic, amorphous form of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) produced through flame hydrolysis of silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄) at temperatures exceeding 1,000°C. It appears as an ultra-light, fluffy white powder with an exceptionally high specific surface area — typically ranging from 50 to over 400 m²/g.

Triiron tetraoxide — also known as iron oxide black, ferrosoferric oxide, magnetite, or simply Fe3O4 (CAS 1317-61-9) — is one of the most versatile and widely used inorganic compounds in modern industry. It is a mixed-valence iron oxide containing both Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions, giving it a characteristic deep black color and strong ferrimagnetic properties.

Diammonium hydrogen phosphite — also widely referred to as ammonium phosphite or diammonium phosphite — is an inorganic phosphorus compound with the molecular formula (NH₄)₂HPO₃·H₂O. It appears as a white crystalline solid at room temperature and is highly soluble in water, making it versatile across a range of industrial and agricultural processes.

​Sodium Phosphite-5-Hydrate belongs to the phosphite family — compounds containing the HPO₃²⁻ anion where phosphorus exists in the +3 oxidation state. Unlike phosphates (P in +5 state), phosphites possess strong reducing properties due to this lower oxidation state. A notable structural feature is that the hydrogen atom is bonded directly to phosphorus rather than oxygen, giving the compound unique reactivity not found in common phosphate salts.

Monopotassium phosphite (MKPI) is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula KH₂PO₃ and CAS number 13977-65-6. It appears as a white crystalline powder, is odorless, and exhibits exceptionally high water solubility — approximately 2,200 g/L at 25 °C. The compound belongs to the phosphite salt family, derived from phosphorous acid (H₃PO₃), where phosphorus carries an oxidation state of +3 — a structural feature that fundamentally distinguishes it from conventional phosphate fertilizers.

Phosphorous acid — chemically designated as H₃PO₃ and officially named phosphonic acid under IUPAC nomenclature — is a high-purity inorganic phosphorus compound that plays an indispensable role across multiple industrial value chains. As a dibasic acid with pronounced reducing power, it is fundamentally distinct from its more common cousin, phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), and serves as a critical intermediate in the production of phosphite salts, organophosphorus compounds, PVC heat stabilizers, water treatment chemicals, and agricultural fungicides.

Sodium phosphate tribasic dodecahydrate (CAS 10101-89-0), commonly known as trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate or simply TSP·12H₂O, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na₃PO₄·12H₂O. It appears as colorless to white crystals or granules, is highly soluble in water, and produces a strongly alkaline solution with a pH of approximately 11–12 at typical use concentrations.